dh-m-m

Description

The Arabic root ذمم (dh-m-m) carries the core semantic meaning of responsibility, blame, and protective obligation. In the Quranic context, it encompasses both the negative sense of being blameworthy or disgraced when one fails in their duties, and the positive sense of covenant or protection (dhimmah) that creates a binding moral and social responsibility between parties. This root emphasizes the Islamic concept of accountability before God and humans, where violating trust or protective agreements brings blame and disgrace, while honoring such covenants fulfills one's sacred obligations.